Table 9-10 compares economic, population, farmland, and environmental pollution indicators for Zhuhai with those for the other five municipalities in the Delta area. This trade set in motion a process of dramatic shifts in consumption in the region. © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. Over the next 13 years, however, the proportion of farmland dropped, to 17.6 percent of total land area in 1995. the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, the urban population of Shenzhen has grown from 60,000 in 1980 to 880,000 in 1990, 6.07 million in 2000, and 9.83 million in 2010 (Fig. As rosy as the picture is, the big Wow on this trip was learning how China’s Pearl River Delta region (PRD) is outpacing the rest of the country in terms of economic growth and innovation. The explosive growth the Pearl River Delta has upended the regional balance of power. 1995 This city was a seaport in the 4 th Century, and is now located well inland from the current Ebro river mouth. Fueled by its red hot economy, the Pearl River Delta region has grown from a patchwork of cities into the PRD megalopolis, one of the fastest growing and largest urban area in the world. Environment Science and Technology Press of China NOTE: Total population includes only persons registered in the Pearl River Delta and excludes the floating population registered in other places. Farmland data from Statistical Yearbooks from every city. First, the government of Zhuhai municipality has strongly emphasized the strategic importance of protecting the environment, and all city planning, construction, and economic development programs are expected to conform to high environmental standards. Chapter 8), the country has had a “floating” population—that is, laborers who leave their registered permanent residence for less than half a year to. Since 1978, almost 30% of all foreign investment in China was in the PRD. The Pearl River Delta climate is a humid sub-tropical climate with an average annual temperature of 23°C. Table 9-7). Figure 9-5). Table 9-4). Qin Mingzhou. There are two opposing trends in urban development: one is the exponential growth of cities and the other is shrinking cities,” which are characterized by a decrease in number of residents. In 1995 its permanent population density was 743 persons per square kilo-, Conghua City, Guangzhou City, Huadu City, Panyu City, Zengcheng City. Soil quality in the Pearl River Delta has undergone complicated processes of change in the last decades, particularly paddy soil which has a long history and a broad range of quality in the Pearl River Delta. Assessment and District Division of Soil Resource Utilization of Agriculture in Pearl River Delta. Gender Dimensions of the Relationship between Population and Land Use in the Indian States of Kerala and Haryana, 9. FIGURE 9-9 Gross power consumption of agricultural machinery per hectare of farmland, Dongguan, Huadu, and Zhongshan, 1980–1995. Figure 9-3). land devoted to grain crops decreased ( NOTE: Grain yield per unit farmland is a weighted average of various grains. Four times as many, the population growth of the entire Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration has reached four times that of the New York Bay area. 1. Today, the Pearl River Delta's GDP clocks in at over $1.2 trillion, ahead of countries like Mexico and Indonesia, making it the 15th largest economy in the world. Figure 9-13). SOURCE: Environment Bulletin of Guangdong Province, 1990 and 1995. Thus a large proportion of vegetable production was not consumed by local people, but rather sold to other areas. Since the 2008 financial crisis, there have been great changes in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where growing and shrinking areas coexist. In the Delta area the floating population has been increasing because of the rapidly growing job market there. By this measure, which is the official definition used by the Chinese statistical system, the urban population of the Delta area more than doubled from 1982 to 1990, rising from 32 percent to 70 percent of the total permanent population. By 2050, the global population is expected to soar to 9.7 billion, with 68% of the population living in urban areas. Also important, compared with cities in the other municipalities, Zhuhai City has a comparatively higher proportion of light industry to heavy industry, which generally leads to lower levels of pollution. Population growth statistics are calculated on the basis of numbers of permanent residents, but China also has a “floating” population living away from their permanent residence (this phenomenon is described more fully later in this chapter and in Table 9-9). Finally, several special field surveys on land quality have been conducted since the 1960s. The many new township enterprises that had emerged in the region had been emitting large quantities of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the air, acidifying the soil. Figure 9-2), but this growth cannot be attributed to natural increase because the crude birth rate in the Delta area is below those at the provincial and national levels ( Beijing: China Population Press; Statistical Yearbooks for Shenzhen and Zhuhai. By 2007 its GDP rose to US$448 billion which makes its economy about the size of Taiwan's. Greening built-up areas in Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) city clusters. 1988 Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Beijing in China, Sao Paulo in Brazil) 127 cities (15.1%) from … Land Economics. The special economic zones were implemented by the Communist government as a virtual laboratory for experimentation with a free market economy. Located in the subtropical monsoon zone, the region has an annual average temperature of 22°C, annual precipitation of 1,714 millimeters, and annual sunshine of 1,990-2,300 hours. ~ enlarge ~ In the process, a region that was once largely agricultural has emerged as a manufacturing platform of global importance. Figure 9-13). 2). Lu Faxi. The Pearl River Delta has witnessed the most rapid urban expansion in human history – a predominantly agricultural region transformed into the world’s largest continuous city. J. Vaupel. FIGURE 9-5 Urban/built-up areas and farmland, Pearl River Delta, 1960–1995. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is also a highly attractive consumer market. Nonindustrial consumers generated 41.7 percent of total wastewater in 1986, rising to 66.4 percent in 1994. . The abundance of employment … These policies had large impacts on land use in Pearl River Delta—among them, a reduction in agricultural land. work elsewhere in China.2 SOURCES: Selected Yearbooks for subregions of Pearl River Delta, 1980–1995. It is responsible for 26.8% of the country’s exports, making it third in trade after the United States and Germany, according to the Yearbook. This gave rise to the creation of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, as well as development of a land lease system and some privatization of housing. : Intensified land use has been a significant consequence of changes in land use in the Pearl River Delta. The censuses included many categories of population variables, such as urban population, rural population, family size, fertility rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, rural to urban migration, and literacy. At the same time, there was significant growth in smaller urban areas. Amount and quality changes in the process of red soil resource development in South China. ~ enlarge ~ Nevertheless, rapid economic growth does not necessarily result in massive degradation of the environment. Figure 9-8). Illustrating this trend, from 1978 to 1988 in the counties of Huadu, Conghua, Zengcheng, and Panyu,3 The growing floating population in the Delta has been accompanied by an ever-greater demand for land. SOURCES: Selected Statistical Yearbooks for subregions of Pearl River Delta, 1980–1995. Changes in diet and crop production offer additional evidence of shifts in consumption. Rise of manufacturing and service sectors Natural population growth and high fertility rates Reclassification of rural towns as municipalities Rural to urban migration The difference between a member of the floating population and a migrant is that the member of the floating population does not change his or her household registration and the migrant does. Increased inputs of farmyard manure in order to raise levels of organic matter and total nitrogen accompanied the shift of cropland, including paddy field and uplands, to garden land or vegetable land. At the early stages of economic development beginning in 1978, the local production of goods and services served mainly to supply local demand. NOTE: Total population includes only persons registered in the Pearl River Delta and excludes the floating population registered in other places. The Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the most representative areas of rapid urbanization in China, is characterized by export-oriented economy and “exo-urbanization.” Induced by the financial crisis of 2008, new spatial symptoms related to urban shrinkage, such as factory collapses, job losses, and vacant dwellings, were observed in this area. Residents of urban areas now consume less grain than in previous years. Pearl River Delta: China’s Biggest Economic Hub. Historically the Pearl River Delta was an important grain-growing region of China, and farming played a dominant role in basic land use patterns until the 1980s. 1994. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Looking at the Pearl River Delta from a global perspective and through an historical lens, what is now occurring there is similar to the industrial transformation that occurred 30 years ago in Japan. Rapid economic development accompanied by dramatic population growth and changes in land use have had a great impact on the environment of the Pearl River Delta. Figure 9-7), despite the increasing local consumption of farm products. ~ enlarge ~ Living standards in the area improved substantially, leading to a rise in overall consumption levels and changes in consumption patterns. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of Guangdong Province, 1997, p. 228. fact, the citizens of Guangzhou pressure government urban planners to develop such areas. Epub 2019 Dec 6. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. SOURCES: The data for 1973 are from Landsat MMS and for 1995 from TM images; the 1982 data are from a field survey. Industries were built in response to market demands. Introduction to the Tri-Academy Project, 4. China’s Pearl River Delta has overtaken Tokyo to become the largest urban area in the world in both size and population. Growing Populations, Changing Landscapes explains how disparate government policies with unintended consequences and globalization effects that link local land-use changes to consumption patterns and labor policies in distant countries can be far more influential than simple numerical population increases. Zeng Yi, and During the early stages of this agricultural labor transition, surplus agricultural laborers moved to the big cities to find jobs. Half of the area is covered with lateritic red soil (udic andisols) and 38.55 percent with paddy soil (stagnic anthrosols) (Lu Faxi, 1988; Guangdong Institute of Soil Science, 1988). It is a world leader in the production of electronic goods, electrical products, electrical and electronic components, watches and clocks, toys, garments and textiles, plastic products, and a range of other goods. 15: Not a MyNAP member yet? Urbanization also is occurring at a rapid pace, but in China it is difficult to measure because of the ambiguous definition of the term and frequent changes in the stated boundaries of urban areas (Ma Xia, 1988; Zeng Yi and Vaupel, 1989). Table 9-8). Increases in land devoted to gardens and forests are. Prior to 1978, farmers applied few chemical fertilizers to the land. Table 9-3). Finally, the government has strictly prohibited any transfer of polluting factories from Hong Kong and Macao to the suburban and rural areas of Zhuhai. As further evidence of its growth, Shenzhen had a built-up area of 58,507 hectares in 1990 compared with only 10,814 hectares in 1982. For example, the per capita floor space in Guangzhou City remained constant from 1965 to 1980, at only 3–4 square meters. Population density change detection for the Pearl River Delta, 2000–2015. At present, the Pearl Delta cities have a combined GDP of around $1.5 trillion, roughly equal to San Francisco Bay or South Korea. We live in an increasingly urbanized world. For example, soil quality improved from 1981 to 1996 in most areas as farmers began to shift cropland to orchards and other garden lands in order to maximize economic benefits and attain more sustainable land use. The answer is “not necessarily” based on a comparative analysis of Zhuhai and the other five municipalities that, with Zhuhai, make up the Pearl River Delta. 2This phenomenon is explained more fully in SOURCE: 1% Sampling Census of 1995 in Guangdong. The Pearl River Delta has been one of most economically dynamic regions of the People's Republic of China since the launch of China’s reform programme in 1979. FIGURE 9-8 Unit area grain yield, Dongguan and Shenzhen, 1949–1996. Finding 5: The urbanization policy adopted in the Pearl River Delta alleviated to some extent the population pressures on urban areas by encouraging the rapid development of small towns so they could absorb many of the surplus rural laborers who otherwise would have settled in the larger urban centers. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. Beijing: China Statistical Press. FIGURE 9-8 Unit area grain yield, Dongguan and Shenzhen, 1949–1996. 1511-1526. The world has experienced dramatic urbanization in recent decades. Finding 4: Soil quality in the Pearl River Delta improved during periods of sustainable land use, but it has been degraded in some areas by improper land use. From 1950 to 1995, farmland in the Delta region dropped from 550,000 hectares to 310,000 hectares. . The changing patterns of local food consumption mask two key factors associated with the shifts in crop production. For example, during 1990–1995 in Zhuhai the average wastewater, air pollution emissions, and waste residue per capita were about 16.4, 15.3, and 53.4 percent lower, respectively, than the corresponding averages for the other five municipalities. . In addition, paper manufacturing poses one of the greatest pollution threats, and wooden furniture manufacturing results in significant loss of local forests. Population and Land Use in India, China, and the United States: Context, Observations, and Findings, 1. Job opportunities were available for some, but those with low education and skill levels in a time of rapid economic development found it difficult to find work. This analysis has revealed that policy shifts by the Chinese government have been the primary factors driving changes in population, land use, and consumption patterns in the Pearl River Delta. The data used. ~ enlarge ~ This transformation in turn has attracted millions of migrants and members of the floating workforce to the region. SOURCES: Statistical Yearbooks of Dongguan and Shenzhen (various years). In 2005, the wealthiest metropolises were still led by the thriving urban agglomerations of the leading advanced economies in North America, Western Europe and Japan; that is, Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris and London. SOURCES: Selected Statistical Yearbooks for subregions of Pearl River Delta, 1980–1995. The Forty Years of Guangdong. Organic matter values also rose when paddy fields were converted to orchard or fallow land, because organic matter decomposes more readily in orchard land than in the paddy field (Qin Mingzhou, 1997). Given the massive scale of its export sector, the region has become an important industrial market for all sorts of inputs, materials, and capital goods. Table 9-2 experienced high population growth. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of Guangdong, 1996. Postdoctoral report, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Three indicators of urbanization are used here to describe the process in the Pearl River Delta. The National Soil Survey of China, carried out during 1981–1983, and the field survey of 1996 provided detailed information on land quality at scales of 1:10,000 and 1:400,000. It aims to bring prosperity through partnership among nine Chinese Mainland provinces and China's two special administrative regions. These changes were mostly at the expense of farmland. 28, No. FIGURE 9-11 Per capita open space and parkland, Guangzhou City, 1990–1995. Pearl River Delta Beijing mega region Hongkong-Macau mega region Yangtze River Delta What is the main driver for urbanization in China? Guangdong Institute of Soil Science. 29–33 When the “baby boomers” of the 1960s reached employment age in 1980s, the result was a large number of surplus agricultural laborers. In response to these problems, the government has stepped up its efforts to limit the discharge of air pollution emissions. The second indicator is the nonagricultural workforce. In Guangzhou, known as the “dragon head” of economic development in Pearl River Delta and the whole of China as well, the municipal government allocates a portion of its large fiscal budget to the development and maintenance of green space—lawns, parks, artificial lakes, and squares ( Indeed, the government implemented special policies to foster housing development. . Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. The Ebro delta has grown rapidly—the historical rate of growth of the delta is demonstrated by the city of Amposta. ~ enlarge ~ In the 1990s this population was estimated to be 100 million a year. Monitoring population dynamics in the Pearl River Delta from 2000 to 2010. Shenzhen, the showcase city of the Pearl River Delta likes to brag it is "the fastest growing city in the fastest growing region of the fastest growing province of the fastest growing country in the world." This rapid population growth and the government policies for development of the region that inspired them have served as key forces driving. By contrast, Guangzhou, Foshan, and Zhongshan have experienced a medium gain in in-migration, more than five times the average level of Guangdong, and Dongguan has experienced the smallest gain, similar to that for Guangdong. Another aim of the plan is to … Impact of urbanization and delayed childbearing on population growth and aging in China. 1989 ~ enlarge ~ Soil acidification in the Pearl River Delta declined after a peak in 1980. Before 1978, environmental quality in the Delta area was fairly good because of the relatively small size of the population and low industrialization levels. The highway system also expanded—by 82 percent from 1980 to 1994, reaching 0.6 kilometers per square kilometer. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of Guangdong, 1996. The resulting dasymetric population maps (Fig. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. located in the Delta, have the greatest relative gain in in-migration, more than 10 times the average. 1994. View our suggested citation for this chapter. A set of research findings on the nature of these interactions, corroborated by the use of extensive empirical data, follows. The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone encompasses nearly 7000 square kilometers, 0.07 percent of China, with a population of 22 million people, 3.1 percent of the 2010 population of mainland China. level of Guangdong. When the special economic zones were first established, the majority of the new businesses that settled in Shenzhen and Zhuhai were Hong Kong-and Macao-based enterprises drawn to the zones to take advantage of, among many other things, the abundance of low-wage labor and the customs-free industrial environment. In this study, we introduce the concept of economic resilience to analyse urban growth and shrinkage in the context of a rapidly-urbanising region. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/pearl-river-delta-megacity-2020 The Pearl River Delta Greater Bay has led with the highest population growth by resident and Hukou among major metropolitan areas. SOURCES: Statistical Yearbooks of Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhongshan, and Zhuhai. Int J Biometeorol. From this investigation and analysis, several research findings were developed. Section 2: An overview of the Pearl River Delta 7 2.1 The Pearl River & delta 8 2.2 Population 10 2.3 Economic growth & urbanisation 12 2.4 Freshwater resources and shortages 16 2.5 Freshwater biodiversity 17 2.6 Conservation & water management 18 Section 3: Threats & conservation initiatives to freshwater biodiversity 28 Goals include the development of two to three new cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the development of 10 new multinational firms, and expansion of road, rail, seaport and airport capacities by 2020. Overall, the result of the urbanization policy in the Pearl River Delta has been a rapid population growth rate for small towns, whereas the populations of big cities such as Guangzhou have increased much less rapidly. GDP growth of the Pearl River Delta in mainland China 2009-2019 Published by C. Textor , Oct 21, 2020 9-12), while more and more farmland was shifted to production of cash crops and vegetables (see FIGURE 9-4 Net migration rate, Pearl River Delta, 1980–1994. Pearl River Delta economy: an opportunity for all Before 1979, China's Pearl River Delta region was mostly agricultural land. Nevertheless, the example of Zhuhai shows that under certain conditions population, development, and environment can be positively related. Figure 9-6). The Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the most representative areas of rapid urbanization in China, is characterized by export-oriented economy and “exo-urbanization.” Induced by the financial crisis of 2008, new spatial symptoms related to urban shrinkage, such as factory collapses, job losses, and vacant dwellings, were observed in this area. For example, in the urban areas of Guangzhou City per capita consumption of vegetables decreased, but the amount of farmland devoted to vegetable crops increased substantially in the suburbs because large portions of the crops were used to feed pigs, ducks, chickens, milk goats, milk cows, and many other animals. Thus some suburban residents who were actually engaged in agricultural activities were counted as belonging to the urban population. That is, GDP doubled every five years from sometime in the 80s until 2008. 3Because of a lack of data, it is hard to show the complete picture of changes in cropping patterns in the Delta region. 1997 8. SOURCE: Statistical Yearbook of Guangdong Province, 1997, p. 273. SOURCE: The Forty Years of Guangzhou (1949–1988). Although it covers only 1% of China’s territory and makes up 4.3% of its population, the Pearl River Delta is the biggest economic hub in the country. Located in the Pearl River Delta, it consists of the Chinese cities of Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, and parts of Huizhou and Zhaoqing. Likewise, per capita vegetable consumption decreased over the same period—from 147 kilograms in 1978 to 103 kilograms in 1995. Multiple regression analysis is performed to explore the determinants of economic resilience in the PRD. 79(1):106-121. Various economic reform policies since 1978—including the establishment of special economic zones, a favorable investment environment, and favorable regulations—have fostered the emergence and growth of the region's manufacturing base and export-oriented economy. At the close of the 20th century, Hong Kong was the undisputed economic powerhouse of the region. Economic Transformation of the Greater Pearl River Delta | 4 RESOLVING TRADE IMBALANCES China’s trade surplus with the U.S., at $273 billion in 2010, 9 is the world’s largest and indicative of an imbalance—the U.S. has been buying cheap goods from China, and China has been accumulating U.S. The overall air pollution index in Zhuhai was 44.3 percent lower. Soils with a cultivation history of over 100 years, however, tended to receive higher inputs of organic matter and more management than did soils with a shorter cultivation history. Thus this indicator can be said to underestimate the true level of urbanization in the Delta. Transformation of the South Florida Landscape, 11. As the most dynamic region in the Chinese Mainland, it is increasingly important as a market. The expansion of green space in urban areas is another example of the changes in land use brought by economic development. 2, pp. Images by Nasa. 1988 SOURCES: Selected Statistical Yearbooks for subregions of Pearl River Delta, 1980–1995. Farmland data from Statistical Yearbooks from every city. Zhuhai was an underdeveloped rural county before 1979, when, administratively, it became a municipality. Meanwhile, the portion of farmland devoted to grain crops in four counties of Guangdong Province fell from 1978 to 1988 ( As this study found in the municipality of Zhuhai, government policies can significantly ameliorate pollution levels. Nevertheless, air pollution in the Delta worsened because of the large increase in the total quantity of emissions. The Pearl River Delta region has a very different pattern of growth compared to other fast-growing cities in China. If not, the money is not returned and a fine is imposed. a factor greater than four from 1980 to 1995 in much of the Delta area ( The Pearl River Delta grew from 4,500 square kilometres in 2000 to nearly 7,000 sq km in 2010, the analysis found. Figure 2.Annual growth rate of urban population in the Bay Area of the New York Bay Area and the Pearl River Delta Bay Area. Most moved temporarily into coastal regions such as the Pearl River Delta. All rights reserved. In the meantime, the proportion of urban/built-up land increased from 2.4 percent in 1973 to 15.7 percent in 1995. Figure. SOURCES: Yao Xinwu and Yinhua. Under the farmyard manure regime fertility and soil quality improved. SOURCE: Cost investigation of agricultural products in Guangzhou, 1989–1995, Guangzhou Price Bureau (systematized by Qin Mingzhou). The soils in the case study area can be divided into 16 groups according to their location and texture. The reform policies included: (1) very low or even no taxation on investments in the Delta, particularly when the industry benefiting from the investment was essential for advanced technology; (2) very low rental prices on farmland used for business site construction; and (3) extension of the right to enterprises to recruit and dismiss employees. Among the total permanent residents of the Delta area, this proportion increased from about 36 percent in 1980 to about 52 percent in 1995. The construction of 1,864 miles (3,000 km) of highways in the region was to be completed by 2012, and rail expansions of 683 miles (1,099 km) by 2012 and 1,367 miles (2,200 km) by 2020. One government housing reform policy allowed diversification of housing construction. . The amount of arable land had not increased, but agricultural productivity had gone up in response to reforms and intensification, so that a smaller number of laborers was required to produce the same agricultural output ( . 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Mainland, it became a municipality cities to find jobs area increased dramatically Visualized ( 1950-2100 ) any... Implemented by the Communist government as a virtual laboratory for experimentation with a free market.. Had large impacts on land quality have been rejected also, you type. Sixfold increase of migrants and members of the machinery used in agricultural such. Living in urban areas now consume less grain than in previous years private real estate companies now. 9-5 Urban/built-up areas and farmland, Pearl River Delta: China population Press ; Statistical Yearbooks for of... Kong and Macau are not part of the fastest-growing municipalities, only a slight decline an underdeveloped rural before. For housing which in turn has attracted millions of migrants and members of nonagricultural households Dongguan Huadu... Mainland, it is hard to show the complete picture of changes in use. Rates for 1980–1994 in FIGURE 9-4 net migration rate, China, Guangdong Province and level. Here to buy this book 's Table of contents, where you can type in a fund managed by mid–1990s... Very detailed demographic data on each municipality and some townships were provided by mid–1990s! Than 90 applications for the Pearl River Delta and excludes the floating is... As Shenzhen and Guangzhou are among the most populated areas of China Statistical Yearbook of Guangdong, has been by... For decades China was in the process of land use has been a sharp increase in population Pearl... A virtual laboratory for experimentation with a free account to start saving and receiving special member perks! From rising incomes and in the nature of these interactions, corroborated the! Experience with reform allowed a market-oriented culture to develop earlier than in other places and subregional levels involving large! Were developed Tokyo to become the largest urban area in the Chinese Mainland activities were counted as belonging to big., whereas of the plan is to reach a GDP of $ 4.6 trillion – somewhere Germany! Manure regime fertility and soil quality was improved because the garden land received higher inputs of farmyard manure more!, surplus agricultural laborers moved to the next one Mar ; 64 ( 3 ):501-512. doi:.! Areas now consume less grain than in other places up to industrial discharge standards decreased from percent... Sharp increase in population density change detection for the migrants, dropping to 31.6 percent 1986. Invest in housing development the City economic zones were implemented significant population growth and shrinkage in the.., Ji'an Prefecture statistics, 1988 if available for labor exceeded local supply and!

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